Solvent is so Yesterday

VERSUS Part 3: San Diego Padres vs. Los Angeles Dodgers

2007-02-19T09:52:00.000-05:00

Editor's Note: Most of my baseball-related posts here at "Solvent is So Yesterday" have thus far focused on comparing teams across specific dimensions of baseball talent (e.g. hitting, fielding, and pitching). This method of presenting the data provides a lot of utility in explicating exactly what a team does well or not so well, but it also limits our ability to view teams at a holistic level. For example, the numbers indicate that the Red Sox will be strong on offense and in the rotation, but weak on defense and in relief. How good a team does that make them?

Like any good analyst, we need an alternate window into the data, different ways to mix and match the data. With that in mind, I think it is interesting to compare two teams across all the dimensions we have thus far studied, to get an idea of relative strength. The compared teams have been linked to each other, either by related characteristics or because they have a direct competition with each other.

In this, the final of a planned three part series, I compare the fortunes of the Los Angeles Dodgers and the San Diego Padres, who have generally been chosen by preseason analysts as the top two teams in the NL West.

Background
The Dodgers and Padres finished 2006 tied atop the weak NL West, each team winning 88 games on their ways to the playoffs. These SoCal rivals have taken the last three division titles between them (the Dodgers of the magical 2004 DePodesta season, and the Padres both in 2005 and 2006), and both teams have made the playoffs two of the last three years. Tradesports.com (a decent proxy for conventional wisdom) gives the Dodgers a 35% chance of winning the division and the Padres 25%, making these two teams the favorites for the division title in 2007. ESPN Sports Nation (another proxy for conventional wisdom) ranked the Dodgers as the 7th best MLB team, and the Padres the 15th best. In short, the conventional wisdom is that both of these teams will contend for the division crown, with many seeing the Dodgers as the superior team.

Competitive Landscape
In order to reach the playoffs, what types of hurdles will these teams have to clear? The road to the playoffs in the NL is much easier than the AL road. Beyond the Cardinals, there are no teams that look like extremely strong bets to make the playoffs. The wildcard could certainly come from the NL West, as it did in 2006. The Dodgers and Padres will also have to watch out for Arizona, who seem much improved and have a good chance to challenge for the wildcard or division.

Offense
Taking the projections from my NL Lineup Preview, the starting line-ups compare as follow:

Los Angeles Dodgers: 4.59 RPG
San Diego Padres: 5.04 RPG

I had to say I was amazed at the magnitude of the difference between these two teams. Did I somehow reverse the numbers? The Dodgers finished fourth in the NL in scoring last season (5.06 RPG) despite a pitching friendly park. The Padres, by contrast, finished 13th in the league with 4.51 RPG. What gives? Well, to first address the predicted collapse of the Dodger's offense, one has to consider a number of factors:

The loss of J.D. Drew. Yes, he is injury prone. Yes, he believes in the healing power of crystals. Nonetheless, Drew appeared in 146 games with the Dodgers, last year, and put up a .980 OPS. Replacing him this year will be a rapidly aging Luis Gonzalez.
The Dodgers got a number of surprisingly good performances from youngsters and vets in part-time roles last year, performances that are unlikely to be matched again this year. Andre Ethier, Jose Cruz Jr., Olmedo Saenz, Kenny Lofton, Bill Mueller, and James Loney all put up very good numbers in limited time. Certainly this speaks to the Dodgers unique depth last year. That sort of depth is difficult to retain on a long-term basis, and the Dodgers will likely suffer from the loss or regression of many of those players next year.
Juan Pierre. The suckiness of Juan Pierre can not be overstated.

The 2006 Padres offense was in many ways the polar opposite of the Dodgers, in which they suffered injury (Khalil Greene) and poor performance (Vinny Castilla) of many starters, and got generally atrocious bench contributions (World Series hero Mark Bellhorn). Thus, despite the obvious superiority of the Dodgers' offense last year, I expect a role reversal this year.

Comparing the benches, while recognizing that bench composition is still a relative unknown at this point:

Los Angeles Dodgers

Name	PECOTA (EqBA/EqOBP/EqSLG)
Mike Lieberthal	.267/.320/.416
James Loney	.296/.350/.473
Ramon Martinez	.268/.324/.368
Matt Kemp	.297/.345/.509
Jason Repko	.264/.325/.436

San Diego Padres

Name	PECOTA (EqBA/EqOBP/EqSLG)
Rob Bowen	.237/.324/.391
Russell Branyan	.245/.349/.516
Geoff Blum	.247/.304/.387
Jose Cruz Jr.	.251/.358/.457
Todd Walker	.275/.348/.415

Both benches are amongst the best in the NL. A weighted average Runs Created (RC) gives the Dodgers bench 4.9 RC and the Padres 4.8 RC, a small win for Los Angeles. In addition, I would give the edge to Los Angeles for building depth at their most injury prone positions (Nomar at 1B and Luis Gonzalez at LF), while the Padres do not have strong backups for Khalil Green or Marcus Giles. It is certainly possible that injuries to starters could reverse the fortunes of these teams very quickly. Nevertheless, in th absence of injury, I have to say:

Edge: HUGE EDGE San Diego Padres (5+ wins)

Rotation
Taking the projections from my NL Rotation Analysis, the rotations compare as follow:

Los Angeles Dodgers: 4.54 EqERA, 948 IP
San Diego Padres: 4.36 EqERA, 980 IP

The Dodgers hype train this offseason seems to have been attached mostly to the "strong starting pitching" meme. The Dodgers certainly have a lot of depth (as is a trademark of the team since Ned Colletti took over). However, they don't appear to have a lot of quality. PECOTA does not think Jason Schmidt has the stuff to remain a staff ace, is hedging its bets on returning from injury Randy Wolf, and does not think much of Chad Billingsley (a viewpoint I share. Dude was mad lucky last year). Quietly, the Padres have put together a strong rotation with a true ace (Jake Peavy) and a number of quality innings eaters (Greg Maddux, David Wells, and Chris Young).

Edge: San Diego Padres (1-2 wins)

Bullpen
Taking the projections from my NL Bullpen Analysis, the bullpens compare as follow:

Los Angeles Dodgers: 3.97 EqERA
San Diego Padres: 3.90 EqERA

Two strong bullpens (by NL standards). PECOTA likes the front end of the San Diego bullpen better, but prefers the back end of LA's.

Edge: Push

Fielding
Taking the projections from my Team Fielding Preview, the defenses compare as follow:

Los Angeles Dodgers: -6 Runs/150 Games
San Diego Padres: +5 Runs/150 Games

As a final nail in the "Dodgers in 2007" coffin, consider that the San Diego team defense is projected to be quite strong while the Dodgers will be trotting out a bunch of guys that used to be good at defense.

Edge: San Diego (1+ win)

Putting it all Together
The Dodgers are getting a lot of misguided positive hype in my opinion, stemming largely from an incredible amount of "name-brand" depth. No doubt the Dodgers have household names at nearly every position, and young players with upside available for the inevitable injury. They have more quantity depth than almost any other MLB team. However, a huge quantity of mediocre is still mediocre. At season's end, I expect the Dodgers to be fighting for a 0.500 record. The Padres are projected to be superior in every aspect of the game, and the above analysis indicates that San Diego is 8-10 wins better than the Dodgers.

I'll keep the summation as short as possible:
San Diego is going to challenge for the NL West title, and Los Angeles is going to be one of the biggest disappointments in all of baseball.

VERSUS Part 2: Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim vs. Oakland Athletics

2007-02-13T10:25:00.000-05:00

Editor's Note: Most of my baseball-related posts here at "Solvent is So Yesterday" have thus far focused on comparing teams across specific dimensions of baseball talent (e.g. hitting, fielding, and pitching). This method of presenting the data provides a lot of utility in explicating exactly what a team does well or not so well, but it also limits our ability to view teams at a holistic level. For example, the numbers indicate that the Red Sox will be strong on offense and in the rotation, but weak on defense and in relief. How good a team does that make them?

Like any good analyst, we need an alternate window into the data, different ways to mix and match the data. With that in mind, I think it is interesting to compare two teams across all the dimensions we have thus far studied, to get an idea of relative strength. The compared teams have been linked to each other, either by related characteristics or because they have a direct competition with each other.

In this, the second of a planned three part series, I compare the fortunes of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim and the Oakland Athletics, the key competitors for the AL West title.

Background
Since the collapse of the Seattle Mariners in 2004, the Angels and Athletics have been the class of the AL West, with each team finishing first or second every year. The Angels took the division title in 2004 and 2005, but faded last year, allowing Oakland to overtake them. My analysis indicates that both the Rangers and Mariners will be improved next year, but neither team figures to contend for the division title barring misfortune amongst the top 2.

Although the A's and Angels have played foe to each other on the field, the comparison between these two teams is just as interesting for their divergent team-building philosophies. The A's and their celebrity GM Billy Beane were famously profiled in Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game, and are generally recognized as among the most numerical projection-reliant teams in MLB. The Angels represent the traditional scouting based approach to the game (cynics will correctly note that the supposed dichotomy here is largely media induced, and that the true team building philosophy -- building around cheap pre-free agent players -- of both teams is identical. But that's a point for another day).

Competitive Landscape
In order to reach the playoffs, what types of hurdles will these teams have to clear? The race for the AL playoffs is shaping up as an absolute dogfight. I count eight teams with legitimate claims on four playoff spots (in alphabetical order: Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Los Angeles, Minnesota, New York, Oakland). The numbers indicate that the Angels and A's may be a notch below the other six teams, but the difference is not overwhelming. More succinctly, the AL wildcard could certainly come out of the AL West. However, there will be up to five teams fighting for one wildcard spot, so the most likely path to the playoffs is a divisonal win.

Offense
Taking the projections from my AL Lineup Preview, the starting line-ups compare as follow:

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim: 5.12 RPG
Oakland Athletics: 5.01 RPG

The Angels have a slight advantage on the offensive side of the ball (on the order of 2 wins per year), but neither of these offenses will scare many teams. By comparison, the offenses of their six main competitors are all expected to be substantially better (with the exception of the Chicago White Sox, and the ChiSox always seem to squeeze more runs out of their offense than I expect them to. See: Dye, Jermaine circa 2006, or Konerko, Paul circa 2005).

Comparing the benches, while recognizing that bench composition is still a relative unknown at this point:

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim

Name	PECOTA (EqBA/EqOBP/EqSLG)
Jose Molina	.235/.284/.370
Shea Hillenbrand	.278/.323/.439
Maicer Izturis	.276/.355/.397
Kendry Morales	.260/.311/.436

Oakland Athletics

Name	PECOTA (EqBA/EqOBP/EqSLG)
Adam Melhuse	.219/.275/.376
Dan Johnson	.267/.364/.458
Marco Scutaro	.254/.325/.382
Shannon Stewart	.268/.330/.383

Both benches are average to slightly above average in comparison to the rest of the AL. A weighted average Runs Created (RC) gives the Angels bench 4.4 RC and the A's 4.3 RC, an almost negligible difference. However, I would give the Angels the bench advantage because they seem better suited to complement their starting lineup than the A's. Adam Melhuse is not really what you would hope for from a backup catcher -- he is neither proficient offensively nor defensively, and the only other potential backup catcher on the A's roster is Mike Piazza. Jose Molina can't hit either, but at least he is excellent defensively. Additionally, the quality of the Angels' three other bench players and the positional flexibility of the starting nine (specifically Chone Figgins and DH Juan Rivera) mean that almost any starting player save Vlad Guerrero can be rested without significantly impacting the offense. By contrast, the A's don't have quality backups (when considering defensive ability) for 3B, SS, 2B, or RF. Add it all up:

Edge: Los Angeles of Anaheim (2-3 wins)

Rotation
Taking the projections from my AL Rotation Analysis, the rotations compare as follow:

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim: 4.06 EqERA, 994 IP
Oakland Athletics: 4.31 EqERA, 956 IP

The Angels have some of the best pitching in the AL (and indeed, all of MLB), with five above-average starters. However, Oakland comes out surprisingly well in this analysis as well, finishing with an above average rotation. Of course, the assumption implicit in these rankings is that the A's will get 34 starts out of Rich Harden, so....yeah.

Edge: Los Angeles of Anaheim (3 wins)

Bullpen
Taking the projections from my AL Bullpen Analysis, the bullpens compare as follow:

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim: 3.56 EqERA
Oakland Athletics: 3.52 EqERA

Two very good bullpens, with a good closer and strong set-up men.

Edge: Push

Fielding
Taking the projections from my Team Fielding Preview, the defenses compare as follow:

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim: +1 Runs/150 Games
Oakland Athletics: +21 Runs/150 Games

If there is one saving grace for the A's, it is that their team fielding is expected to once again be excellent. Regular readers of this blog know that I believe defense may currently be underrated by sabermetric fielding metrics. Note that this 20 run difference in fielding ability also assumes that Los Angeles will make the intelligent choice and put Juan Rivera in LF and use Garrett Anderson at DH. A full season of GA in left field might represent another 5 run advantage for the A's.

Edge: Oakland (2-3 wins)

Putting it all Together
The consensus view going into the season seems to be that the Angels are the favorites to take the division (TradeSports.com says a 50% chance of the Angels winning the division, and a 25% chance for the A's), and the numbers here don't refute that. Before giving my final predictions, I do think there are three points to consider that are currently difficult to incorporate numerically:

Injury risk - Will Carroll at Baseball Prospectus recently released his Player Health Reports (subscription required). Carroll gives both these teams a fairly high injury risk, especially the Oakland infield and the Anaheim outfield. As discussed in the offensive section above, I believe the Angels positional depth in the outfield is far superior to Oakland's infield depth. The loss of Chavez, Crosby, or Ellis (all of whom are viewed as moderate to serious injury risks) will significantly impact Oakland's chances of contending.
Defense - not to beat a dead horse, but Oakland's defense is going to be good, and this is an underrated component of team ability (in my opinion).
The Sabermetric Demerit - this is a name I came up with to describe the general underperformance that numerically oriented teams seem to experience when compared to preseason projections (if anyone has a better name, feel free to leave it in the comments section). The general concept is that in any competitive endeavor, anything that we don't properly value will be exploited by our competitors. Oakland, being a numerically based team, is likely using a set of analysis tools that are generally aligned with those I am using here (although they are no doubt more sophisticated). In contrast, the Angels use a player valuation methodology extremely different from that used here. As a result, the Angels are likely incorporating factors that we (and Oakland) are not, and there will be a systematic bias in our projections, such that we will always project the A's (and similarly Boston and Cleveland) to be better than they actually are, and we will always project the Angels (and similarly, the White Sox) to be worse than they actually are.

Summing up the points above, the strict numerical interpretation is that the Angels are ~3 wins better than Oakland. Defense works in the A's favor, but injury risk and the Sabermetric Demerit are on Anaheim's side. The resulting integration of all those factors indicates to me that the Angels are probably nearly five wins better than Oakland. Five wins is a large deficit to overcome, and as a result I would put Oakland's probability of winning the division as quite low (on the order of 20%). I am also going to make a prediction that I did not expect to make when I started this exercise, and say that I think the Angels have to be heavy favorites to win the division (i.e. 75% chance). There does not appear to be a team that will offer the Angels significant competition in 2007.

Update: 2/14/07
Happy Valentine's day! Soon after publishing this post, I headed over to one of my favorite blogs, Athletics Nation, and found that they had also posted a Angels vs. A's comparison. Although their conclusions were similar, I was also surprised to learn that Juan Rivera recently broke his league in Winter League ball, and will be out at least until midseason. In most cases, the loss of one player does not affect my projections very much, but the A's and Angels are in a sort of statistical "sweet spot" where a small change in talent can make a big change in playoff odds. Specifically, the loss of Rivera hurts the Angels in at least three ways:

Defensively. Garrett Anderson will now be the starting left fielder, a big downgrade from Rivera
DH inflexibility - I thought one of the Halos' big advantages this year was that they had a nice rotation of players available for 3B, LF, and CF, with players getting some rotating rest at DH. They have now lost some of that flexibility, although Chone Figgins can play a passable left field still.
Outfield depth. The Angels starting outfielders all got red lights from Will Carroll, meaning there is a good likelihood that Anaheim's outfield depth will become an issue this year. Previously, the Angels' fourth and fifth outfielders would have been Rivera and Figgins, both of whom are good enough to start in a pinch. Now the fifth outfielder will be...?? Maybe Angels fans know more about this than me - will Kotchman be asked to play some outfield? Does he have that ability?

Overall, I think the loss of Rivera is quite big, such that the five win advantage I had for the Angels before, might be closer to 3 wins now (maybe 3.5). The playoff odds now go from 80% Angels/20% A's, to more like 70/30, a big change.

VERSUS Part 1: Milwaukee Brewers vs. Arizona Diamondbacks

2007-02-09T11:00:00.000-05:00

Most of my baseball-related posts here at "Solvent is So Yesterday" have thus far focused on comparing teams across specific dimensions of baseball talent (e.g. hitting, fielding, and pitching). This method of presenting the data provides a lot of utility in explicating exactly what a team does well or not so well, but it also limits our ability to view teams at a holistic level. For example, the numbers indicate that the Red Sox will be strong on offense and in the rotation, but weak on defense and in relief. How good a team does that make them?

Like any good analyst, we need to provide alternate windows into the data, different ways to mix and match the data. With that in mind, I think it is interesting to compare two teams across all the dimensions we have thus far studied, to get an idea of relative strength. The compared teams have been linked to each other, either by related characteristics or because they have a direct competition with each other.

In this, the first of a planned three part series, I compare the probable fortunes of the Arizona Diamondbacks and Milwaukee Brewers, two teams that have received offseason hype as potential breakout candidates.

Background
Two weeks ago, Ken Rosenthal of FoxSports.com published an article entitled Four Teams that Could Surprise in '07, in which he named both the Diamondbacks and Brewers as potential sleepers for the upcoming season. Although Rosenthal also listed the Rockies and Orioles in his article, his reader poll indicates that the wisdom of the crowd is aligned toward the D-backs and Brew Crew (actually, Rosenthal's readers see the Brewers as the runaway favorites to surprise--is it possible to be an expected surprise?--garnering 50% of the vote to the Diamondbacks 25%). These teams are linked by more than a Rosenthal article, however, as both teams are at similar points in their success cycle--incorporating a lot of young talent at the major league level, and thus providing an expectation of significant upside. Additionally, Arizona and Milwaukee have been involved in two fairly large-scale trades in the past few years. The first was the Brewer's absolute steal of a trade, in which they obtained Junior Spivey, Craig Counsell, Lyle Overbay, Chad Moeller, Chris Capuano, and Jorge de la Rosa from the Diamondbacks for Richie Sexson and Shane Nance. And just this year, the Diamondbacks sent catcher Johnny Estrada and pitcher Claudio Vargas to the Brewers in exchange for pitchers Doug Davis and Dana Eveland.

Competitive Landscape
In order to reach the playoffs, what types of hurdles will these teams have to clear? Well, from the outset, let's say this: these teams are contenders for the postseason because they play in the NL. Put either team in the competitive AL and we probably wouldn't be having any discussion of breakout possibilities. Beyond that, both teams play in divisions in which there is (to me, anyways) one clearly superior team. The Brewers match up against the Cardinals in the NL Central, and the San Diego Padres play foe to the Diamondbacks in the NL West (astute readers might be wondering what happened to the Astros, Cubs, Dodgers, and Giants in these discussions. I expect, for various reasons, that these teams will not really be the contenders that people are expecting, but that is a conversation for another post). Thus, Arizona and Milwaukee's path to the playoff would likely go through the Wild Card spot, and as such, they are in direct competition with each other.

Offense
Taking the projections from my NL Lineup Preview, the starting line-ups compare as follow:

Arizona Diamondbacks: 4.82 RPG
Milwaukee Brewers: 4.77 RPG

These teams are as close as possible on the offensive side of the ball, as their starting lineups are projected to differ by less than 10 runs over the course of an entire season. Both teams lack a truly elite hitter at any position, but generally receive average production from almost every lineup spot. PECOTA likes a lot of the young players on both teams (especially Chris Young and Prince Fielder), and expects both teams to have generally solid offensive performance.

Comparing the benches, while recognizing that bench composition is still a relative unknown at this point:

Milwaukee Brewers

Name	PECOTA (BA/OBP/SLG)
Damian Miller	.253/.323/.393
Tony Graffanino	.275/.341/.407
Craig Counsell	.258/.335/.353
Gabe Gross	.262/.353/.445
Brady Clark	.270/.342/.384

Arizona Diamondbacks

Name	PECOTA (BA/OBP/SLG)
Miguel Montero	.259/.324/.439
Tony Clark	.246/.316/.459
Alberto Callaspo	.283/.336/.398
Scott Hairston	.265/.333/.477
Jeff DaVanon	.270/.365/.409

The bench edge goes to the Diamondbacks, who have more power at every position than the Brewers. A weighted average Runs Created (RC) for Milwaukee's bench comes in at 4.5 RPG, versus 4.8 RPG for Arizona's bench. It's not a big advantage, but an advantage nevertheless.

Edge: Arizona (slightly)

Rotation
Taking the projections from my NL Rotation Analysis, the rotations compare as follow:

Arizona Diamondbacks: 4.29 EqERA, 977 IP
Milwaukee Brewers: 4.40 EqERA, 990 IP

PECOTA likes Milwuakee's Ace over Arizona's (Ben Sheets versus Brandon Webb) but Arizona's Top 2 over Milwaukee's (Randy Johnson versus David Bush/Chris Capuano). In my rotation analysis, I ranked Arizona and Milwaukee as the NL's best rotations for their combination of good EqERA's with strong projected innings pitched totals. Both teams have good depth as well, with sixth and seventh starters clearly above replacement level. The starting rotation will be a strength for both teams and is indeed the main driving force behind their expected break-outs, but once again, we have to say:

Edge: Arizona (slightly)

Bullpen
Taking the projections from my NL Bullpen Analysis, the bullpens compare as follow:

Arizona Diamondbacks: 4.01 EqERA
Milwaukee Brewers: 4.04 EqERA

Both bullpens grade out as above average by NL standards. Milwaukee has the best pitcher (Francisco Cordero) out of the group, while PECOTA likes Arizona's front three of Jorge Julio, Jose Valverde, and Brandon Medders. The open question is: how good is Derrick Turnbow? Is he 2005 good, or 2006 good? If it's the former, the Brewer's bullpen is clearly superior. As it is, however, PECOTA is hedging it's bets.

Edge: Push

Fielding
Up until this point, the picture we have painted is of two extremely evenly matched teams, both teams having the same strengths and weaknesses. But you had to know something interesting was coming, right? I've saved the best for last, the issue of team fielding. Taking the projections from my Team Fielding Preview, the defenses compare as follow:

Arizona Diamondbacks: +13 Runs/150 Games
Milwaukee Brewers: -10 Runs/150 Games

Here, we see the elephant in the room--the Diamondbacks defense is going to be quite strong, while the Brewers are going to be well below average. Additionally, this divergence is a direct result of the teams' young talent. Where the Diamondbacks rookies are projected as quite strong defensively, the Brewers core of Prince Fielder, Rickie Weeks, and Bill Hall (switching from SS to CF) is fairly weak. The difference of 23 runs over 150 games (or 25 runs per 162 games), is worth 2.5 wins on its own. I am also of the belief that defense might be more important than our measurement systems give it credit for -- the last two MLB breakout teams (Chicago White Sox in 2005, and Detroit Tigers in 2006) got there largely based on tremendous defensive seasons.

Edge: BIG EDGE Arizona

Putting it all Together
Both the Brewers and Diamondbacks are trying to build championship caliber clubs from a young core, and each will be relying on strong starting pitching to drive their 2007 results. But the Diamondbacks have a big additional advantage: a strong team defense that the Brewers can only dream of. Neither team will overwhelm opponents with an offensive display, and thus need to contribute in other ways. In short, the Diamondbacks will have those contributions, and the Brewers won't.

Both the Brewers and Diamondbacks have the superficial look of a breakout candidate, but as the season winds down I expect the Diamondbacks to be in the thick of the wildcard race, with the Brewers hoping for another late-season St. Louis collapse.

Why does the AL dominate the NL?

2007-02-07T12:00:00.000-05:00

Which league is better, and why are they better? This is a question that seems to have been discussed ad infinitum the past year or so, prompted mostly by the AL's uber-pwnage of the NL in interleague games the last two years. The first part of my question, "which league is better?", is not particularly hotly debated. The AL is clearly better, as evidenced by their 262-241 record versus the NL in 2005-2006. Indeed, the AL's Runs Scored and Runs Allowed in interleague play the past few years imply a winning percentage of 53-54% versus the NL. The bigger question is "why is the AL so much better?". Is it the pitching, the hitting, or a combination of both? In my previous posts on team-level projections, you may recall that I found the offensive level in the NL to be comparable or even superior to the AL, but that the AL held a large advantage both in starting pitching and relieving.

To quantify those findings a bit further: to compare AL and NL offenses, I take my NL projections and add 0.5 runs per game (RPG) (because we will be replacing the pitcher's 0.200/0.200/0.200 line with some sort of average hitter). In doing so, I find the average AL starting lineup is projected to score 5.24 RPG, with the corresponding NL average of 5.34 RPG (before my dear readers send me emails informing me that these league averages are all-together too high, please remember that these estimates assume that the starting eight or nine play every inning of every game). Additionally, I found that the quality of projected NL benches was slightly superior to AL benches. By contrast, AL and NL rotations came in at 4.40 and 4.58 RPG, respectively, with the bullpen difference being even larger (3.77 to 4.13). Could the AL's dominance truly be a function of the pitching only?

To answer that, I first decided to take a quick trip in the time machine to the beginning of 2006. After all, 2007 hasn't happened yet, so my projections for the upcoming season are not particularly informative to what has already happened. What I find is that in preseason 2006, my predictions of league offensive strength were exactly reversed, 5.33 RPG for the AL, and 5.23 RPG for the NL. So, using the exact same projection system, it looks like the NL has gained offensive strength this offseason, at the expense of the AL. In contrast, the bullpen projections were 4.05 and 4.21 RPG for the AL and NL, a much smaller gap than this year (note: I did not do preseason projections of rotation strength last year, and the defensive projections both years give the AL a slight 0.03 RPG edge). So, the take-home message is that as of preseason 2006, I expected the AL to have a small positive advantage both on the offensive and pitching side of the ball.

Can we achieve and independent confirmation of these results, using the actual 2006 seasonal data? Well, at this point I should mention that there has been a lot of very good work already done on this topic, using more advanced statistical methods than I will use here. For example, Mitchel Lichtman did a three part study in July 2006, the conclusion of which was that the AL's advantage was actually all on the hitting side. My comments about this work are that they certainly do not mesh with what I have seen here, and that while I believe his statistical methods were rigorous, his interpretation of the data required certain assumptions that may not be valid. See this blog conversation for more. In January of this year, John Walsh wrote an article on The Hardball Times website in which he found that hitters switching from the AL to the NL experienced a 0.029 OPS boost, which one can attribute to the lower quality of pitching in the NL. The magnitude of this effect was estimated at 50-60 runs, which is about 60% of the effect needed to explain the AL's advantage. In this analysis, then, it's the AL pitching, not the hitting that dominates.

I am going to propose an extremely simple test, that I think will lead to an interesting prediction at the end. To truly determine where the league dominance lies and why, we need at least two metrics. One metric tells us which league is better. We can use interleague records, and the message here is that the AL is superior. A second metric is needed to determine whether the hitting or pitching contributes more to this dominance, and I propose here that a simple metric is the runs per game (RPG) difference between the AL and NL for a given year. Over the past 13 years, the AL RPG scoring rate has been ~0.35 RPG higher than the NL, on average. This is due, of course, to the presence of the DH in the AL. However, the differential has been as high as 0.71 RPG in 1996, and as low as 0.16 RPG in 2001. When the differential is below average, we can infer that this means that either the AL pitchers are winning the war, or the NL hitters. Think about it - for the RPG differential to fall, something is either causing the RPG to drop in the AL (i.e. pitching) or the RPG to rise in the NL (i.e. the hitting). Conversely, an above-average RPG differential means the reverse (NL pitching dominance, or AL hitting dominance). Combining the two metrics, then, tells us who is dominating and why. This is summarized in the table below:

	RPG differential below average	RPG differential above average
AL wins interleague	AL pitching dominates	AL hitting dominates
NL wins interleague	NL hitting dominates	NL pitching dominates

Still with me? Okay. The observed RPG differential in 2006 was........0.21 RPG, which is quite close to the minimum differential ever achieved. To me, this lends credence to the theory that AL pitching is currently dominant.

What can our PECOTA projections tell us then about what to expect for 2007's RPG differential? Well, we already know that the offensive RPG estimates have moved 0.2 runs to favor a higher RPG environment in the NL (that is, the NL should score 0.2 RPG more next year than last year, relative to the AL). Additionally, the bullpen projections have moved to favor a lower run environment in the AL relative to the NL. Both of these metrics are moving in the same direction, favoring a lower RPG environment in the AL relative to the NL. Put those together, and it is not unrealistic to imagine that the 0.21 RPG differential between the AL and the NL could disappear completely, creating a unique condition in which the NL outscores the AL. At the very least, I expect the RPG differential to break through its previous low of 0.16 RPG. For my two readers, I encourage you to bookmark this post, so that I can be summarily taunted when this prediction turns out to be wrong.

MLB Preview 2007 – NL Bullpens

2007-01-31T12:58:00.000-05:00

Today’s post focuses on the quality of the NL bullpens. I discussed the methodology and inherent difficulty in bullpen rankings in yesterday’s post.

Above Average
New York Mets: 3.79 EqERA
Atlanta Braves: 3.90 EqERA
San Diego Padres: 3.90 EqERA
Houston Astros: 3.93 EqERA

As I discussed in my post on NL Rotations, the weakness of the NL at present appears to be in the pitching department. While the quality of starting pitching in the AL is markedly better than in the NL, the difference in relief pitching is insane. Ten of fourteen AL teams finish with above-average bullpens, while only four of sixteen NL teams grade out likewise. Additionally, the Mets bullpen would not crack the top seven in the AL! The difference in bullpen quality is simply massive. The Padres have had some impressive bullpens in recent years, but a lot of the observed quality is park and defense aided. One also has to wonder if the observed dominance of AL pitching is due to an incorrect application of league strength factors by PECOTA (explanation: PECOTA first projects a raw ERA for pitchers, then creates an EqERA based on the ballpark and league they play in. The translation requires an estimation of the magnitude of these two effects). However, I think the most likely explanation is simply that bullpen quality in the NL is quite poor right now.

Average
Los Angeles Dodgers: 3.97 EqERA
Arizona Diamondbacks: 4.01 EqERA
Milwaukee Brewers: 4.04 EqERA

Only three more teams approach the MLB bullpen average EqERA, including popular sleeper picks Arizona and Milwaukee. Maybe I was overly critical of Milwaukee’s break-out chances in the team fielding article.

Have one good reliever
Chicago Cubs: 4.11 EqERA
Philadelphia Phillies: 4.16 EqERA
Cincinnati Reds: 4.17 EqERA
Pittsburgh Pirates: 4.18 EqERA
Washington Nationals: 4.23 EqERA
Colorado Rockies: 4.24 EqERA

A bunch of teams with one or two good relievers, but not enough depth to be a truly strong bullpen. The Cubs have the most upside with Kerry Wood and Neal Cotts, but PECOTA does not expect big things out of them presently. The Phillies have the strongest starting pitching in the group, so the lack of real depth may hurt them least.

Aspire to one day have one good reliever
St. Louis Cardinals: 4.34 EqERA
San Francisco Giants: 4.48 EqERA
Florida Marlins: 4.54 EqERA

The bottom three here really lack both frontline talent and depth in their bullpens. The Marlins, like the Devil Rays and Royals, are trying to develop starting pitching talent before devoting significant resources to the bullpen, but the Cardinals and Giants are both supposed to be contenders this year. Starting pitcher defections, which will force their young starters into the rotation and out of the bullpen, have hurt the Cardinals. The Giants have simply lacked front-line bullpen talent for the past few years. Peter Gammons recently speculated that the Giants could utilize prospects Brian Wilson or Tim Lincecum in the closers role. PECOTA does not like Wilson, but thinks Lincecum is a once-a-generation pitching prospect. Indeed, put Lincecum in the closer’s role, and the Giants pen improves to a 4.14 EqERA. This year’s Jonathan Papelbon?

MLB Preview 2007 – AL Bullpens

2007-01-30T19:51:00.000-05:00

Today’s post focuses on the quality of the AL bullpens. Ranking bullpens, especially this early in the offseason, is tricky business for three reasons:

1. Relief pitchers are the most volatile and difficult to project species in the MLB universe.
2. Major league bullpens are where you will most likely find reclamation projects, guys given a second chance, and career minor leaguers. Going into the season, teams may only have four or five of the seven bullpen spots assigned, with the last two comprising a rotating group of whoever looks in spring training.
3. All bullpen roles are not created equal. The top three relievers in the bullpen typically pitch the most important innings, led by the putative closer. Thus, the quality of only three pitchers will dominate the overall bullpen ranking.

Fortunately, the last point also allows us to get a general idea of bullpen quality without the benefit of spring training outcomes, because most teams (I’m looking gloweringly at you Boston) already have an idea who the top three relievers are. Still, all these numerical projections should be taken with a grain of salt. I’ll provide comments when the numerical rank may not be providing a true view of reality.

As with the previous posts on starting pitchers, the following projections use PECOTA’s EqERA, with appropriate weighting applied for expected workload. In addition, a multiplier is applied to each relief pitcher’s EqERA that accounts for the importance of the situation he pitches in.

Top 2
Minnesota Twins: 3.20 EqERA
Texas Rangers: 3.23 EqERA

In the first grouping, we already see why the reliever ranking process is so difficult. Minnesota is a legitimate #1 on this list, with six quality relievers. Joe Nathan was the most dominant closer in the game last year, and PECOTA expects that to continue. The Rangers, on the other hand, are ranked here largely on the strength of the Eric Gagne projection (2.17 EqERA). Take out Gagne, and their bullpen EqERA increases to 3.64. This is not to suggest a flaw in the methodology, but rather to suggest that the performance of an entire bullpen can be transformed by the addition of a single player.

Strong to…quite strong
Oakland Athletics: 3.52 EqERA
Anaheim Angels: 3.56 EqERA
New York Yankees: 3.58 EqERA
Toronto Blue Jays: 3.62 EqERA

All of the teams above are characterized by a relief ace (which I’ll define as a top-10 closer) and at least two additional quality relievers. The thing that separates them from the top two is generally weakness in the 4-7 spots of the bullpen.

Average
Baltimore Orioles: 3.77 EqERA
Cleveland Indians: 3.82 EqERA
Detroit Tigers: 3.84 EqERA
Chicago White Sox: 3.92 EqERA
Seattle Mariners: 3.98 EqERA

Continuing with the theme of AL pitching dominance, a full ten AL pens come in below the league average EqERA of 3.96, with the Mariners close at 3.98. The five pens listed here in general have closers of a caliber below that of the previous groups, and thus receive a lower ranking. Cleveland is a tough bullpen to decipher because it is not clear who will be pitching the important innings. PECOTA likes Keith Foulke and Rafael Betancourt a lot, and this projection assumes they will be pitching key innings next year. However, both struggled last year. Additionally, Cleveland has imported “proven closer” Joe Borowski, who projects as quite poor. Plugging him into a critical role drops the Indians out of this grouping entirely.

Late inning losses are our specialty
Boston Red Sox: 4.12 EqERA
Tampa Bay Devil Rays: 4.21 EqERA
Kansas City Royals: 4.31 EqERA

The bottom ranking contains two teams you would expect to find here, and one surprise. Tampa Bay and Kansas City are not surprise cellar dwellers, as it does not make sense for a team to devote resources to the bullpen until the have developed starting pitching assets. The Red Sox, by contrast, have the best projected starting pitching in MLB. However, the bullpen looks like a mess at this late date. They have some average-ish pitchers in Brendan Donnelly, Mike Timlin, and Manny Delcarmen, an unknown in Japanese import Hideki Okijama, a rookie with upside in Craig Hansen, and a converted starter in Joel Pineiro. PECOTA is not high on any of these players. Much like the Mets in the starting pitching department, the Red Sox had a clear need this offseason (bullpen), and found the available options unpalatable. Perhaps history will vindicate them for not overspending on risky free agents like Eric Gagne, but I think the Red Sox will regret having such an obvious hole in the team.

MLB Preview 2007 – NL Rotation Analysis

2007-01-29T09:37:00.000-05:00

As with yesterday’s post, I’ll be looking at projected starting rotations, this time of the NL teams. This is the first time I have ever attempted such a venture, so the method may be a bit raw, and in need of refinement. You can see the algorithm used in the previous post.

Without further ado, the results:

Tier One
Arizona Diamondbacks: 4.29 EqERA, 977 IP
St. Louis Cardinals: 4.36 EqERA, 944 IP
San Diego Padres: 4.36 EqERA, 980 IP
Philadelphia Phillies: 4.39 EqERA, 966 IP
Milwaukee Brewers: 4.40 EqERA, 990 IP

It’s difficult to come up with a snappy title for the first group of NL teams, since only the Diamondbacks would crack the top five of the AL list. The NL lacks both top-line talent and depth when compared to their AL counterparts. The Diamondbacks show up on the list thanks to two of the NL’s best starters, Brandon Webb and the returning Randy Johnson (PECOTA sees a big bounce-back for Mullet Man). I am shocked – SHOCKED – to see St. Louis in the second spot on the list. PECOTA loves three of their young starters in Anthony Reyes, Adam Wainwright, and Brad Thompson. Still, the young age of their rotation is reflected in the low projected Innings total. The composition of the St. Louis bullpen will be critical to their success next year. The Padres and Phillies have the deepest rotations in the NL. The Brewers probably have the strongest starting trio in the NL with Ben Sheets, Chris Capuano, and Dave Bush, who can all pitch deep into games. However, PECOTA does not like Jeff Suppan, projecting a nearly 5.00 ERA. Still, having four starters who have the potential to average 6 innings or more per start is incredibly valuable.

Average
Florida Marlins: 4.49 EqERA, 964 IP
Chicago Cubs: 4.51 EqERA, 950 IP
Los Angeles Dodgers: 4.54 EqERA, 948 IP
Atlanta Braves: 4.56 EqERA, 930 IP

The team average EqERA is 4.50, making this quartet decidedly average. However, they achieve average-ness in quite unique ways. My intuition was that the Dodgers would appear far higher on the list, but the reality is that none of their top three (Jason Schmidt, Derek Lowe, Brad Penny) is truly an elite starter, and Chad Billingsley is nowhere near the pitcher he appeared to be last year. Florida surprised the world last year with their pitching staff, which has the advantage of being young, but once again they truly lack a star-level performer on the staff. The Cubs projection includes a projected 4.66 EqERA from Mark Prior in the five spot. Prior seems to me to be an extremely high variance player at this point. He could fail miserably, or he could far exceed that projection. If Prior regains some of his lost ability, the Cubs will definitely contend for strongest rotation in the NL. Prior could also fail to produce, forcing more starts to go to Jason Marquis, Wade Miller, or Sean Marshall, and the Cubs could rank in the bottom half of the league. As Chuck Klosterman would say, it's 50/50.

Below Average
Cincinnati Reds: 4.62 EqERA, 955 IP
Colorado Rockies: 4.65 EqERA, 949 IP
Pittsburgh Pirates: 4.68 EqERA, 931 IP
San Francisco Giants: 4.72 EqERA, 956 IP
New York Mets: 4.73 EqERA, 904 IP
Houston Astros: 4.74 EqERA, 938 IP

A diverse group of teams here, from perennial rebuilders Colorado and Pittsburgh to perennial playoff contenders New York and Houston. Houston has very little pitching depth after the loss of both Clemens and Pettitte. I think New York is going to truly regret not overpaying for at least one starter this offseason, as the rest of the team has the talent to take them to the World Series. As it stands, I think the rotation is weak enough to open the door for both Atlanta and Philadelphia to win the division. Cincinnati, while still below average, has improved their pitching tremendously in the last year, when they had exactly zero pitchers (starters or relievers) projected to be above average. San Francisco seems to me to be the White Sox of the NL in terms of starters – lots of recognizable names, lots of innings eaters, but no true stars (although Matt Cain could be that guy).

Bottom of the Barrel
Washington Nationals: 5.29 EqERA, 841 IP

Quite simply, the KC Royals of the NL, without the promise of better times ahead. In my NL Lineup preview, Washington came out last after the Pittsburgh addition of Adam LaRoche, and they come in last in pitching by a wide margin here. After John Patterson, the Nationals will run out the motley collection of Sean Hill, Jerome Williams and Mike O’Conner. They definitely have a very good shot at a 100 loss season.

Incorporating Innings Pitched
As a last step, I incorporate an innings pitched credit or debit. Teams with more starter IP get a credit, teams with less a debit. This produces a linearized ranking of NL teams that is intended to represent true rotation value. The ranking is as follows:

1. Arizona Diamondbacks
2. Milwaukee Brewers
3. San Diego Padres
4. Philadelphia Phillies
5. Florida Marlins
6. St. Louis Cardinals
7. Chicago Cubs
8. Los Angeles Dodgers
9. Cincinnati Reds
10. Colorado Rockies
11. San Francisco Giants
12. Atlanta Braves
13. Pittsburgh Pirates
14. Houston Astros
15. New York Mets
16. Washington Nationals

Milwaukee moves up to number 2 due to their high projected innings pitched. Looking at the list above, one can see why Arizona and Milwaukee are popular picks to break out this season.

MLB Preview 2007 - AL Rotation Analysis

2007-01-28T16:21:00.000-05:00

Today’s post is a look at the projected starting rotations of AL teams. This is the first time I have ever attempted such a venture, so the method may be a bit raw, and in need of refinement. The general procedure was as follows:

For each team, I identified the projected starting five, and up to two alternates. These alternates were in some cases true swingmen (like Kirk Saarloos on Cincinnati), in other cases rookies expected to make midseason call-ups (think Philip Hughes of the Yankees).
With great difficulty, I restrained myself from choosing my preferred rotation, instead relying on my best estimate of the team’s projected rotation. So, my hometown Twins will be running out Ramon Ortiz and Sidney Ponson, instead of Matt Garza and Scott Baker.
Pitchers 1-4 are projected to get 32 starts, number five gets 19, six gets 9, and seven gets 7.
Pitcher projections are PECOTA’s EqERA, which is ERA adjusted for league, park, and team defense.
Pitcher Innings Pitched per start is also projected by PECOTA.
Teams are ranked in order of projected ERA. This ranking method does not truly capture rotation value, because it does not account for the number of innings contributed by starting pitchers. All other things equal, more IP contributed by starters is better, because in MLB, the starting pitchers are in general possessed of superior talent to the relievers. For this reason, I have also included a projection of the number of innings contributed by starters (out of 1440 IP).
The average rotation EqERA on an MLB scale is 4.50 EqERA.

Without further ado, the results:

Top 2
Boston Red Sox: 4.01 EqERA, 992 IP
Anaheim Angels: 4.06 EqERA, 994 IP

Boston gets top billing on the strength of its top five, with Schilling and Matsuzaka projected amongst the league’s top starters. Wakefield, Papelbon, and Beckett all project as above-average starters as well. However, Boston has almost no depth beyond their top five (Kyle Snyder anyone?), so will definitely deal with downside risk. The quality of the Angels top five is slightly below Boston’s, but they have two reliable backups in Joe Saunders and rookie Nick Adenhart.

Above Average
New York Yankees: 4.22 EqERA, 993 IP
Detroit Tigers: 4.24 EqERA, 968 IP
Oakland Athletics: 4.31 EqERA, 956 IP
Cleveland Indians: 4.39 EqERA, 977 IP
Toronto Blue Jays: 4.40 EqERA, 921 IP
Minnesota Twins: 4.43 EqERA, 944 IP
Tampa Bay Devil Rays: 4.44 EqERA, 897 IP

The starting rotation analysis starts to indicate why it is that the AL totally pwn3d the NL last season – it’s the pitching, stupid! Whereas the NL lineups stacked up with the best of the AL, the pitching differential is huge, with nine of 14 AL teams above average. Oakland and Cleveland appear here due to superior depth rather than star talent, while the Blue Jays are dragged above average due almost entirely to Roy Halladay and A.J. Burnett. Tampa Bay puts up good rate stats, but have the second lowest projected IP total in the league – if those projections are correct, that is going to be a taxing burden on a weak bullpen.

Below Average
Chicago White Sox: 4.51 EqERA, 980 IP
Baltimore Orioles: 4.53 EqERA, 927 IP
Texas Rangers: 4.56 EqERA, 898 IP
Seattle Mariners: 4.63 EqERA, 942 IP

The White Sox have fallen a long way from the championship season in 2005, as every one of their remaining starters has regressed. However, the White Sox starting rotation retains an uncanny ability to eat innings. My fearless prediction: a strong start out of the gate (while other teams are increasing their SP workload), followed by another late-season fade. Book it. The Mariners have spent some money this offseason, but they still look like a last place team to me.

Do you even have to ask?
Kansas City Royals: 4.87 EqERA, 839 IP

KC has lost 100 games in three of the last four seasons. That means top draft picks each of those years. They spent money in the free agent pool this offseason. The result: by far the league’s worst starting rotation, to go with the league’s worst everyday lineup. So, they’ve got that going for them.

Incorporating Innings Pitched
As a last step, I incorporate an innings pitched credit or debit. Teams with more starter IP get a credit, teams with less a debit. This produces a linearized ranking of AL teams that is intended to represent true rotation value. The ranking is as follows:

1. Boston Red Sox
2. Anaheim Angels
3. New York Yankees
4. Detroit Tigers
5. Cleveland Indians
6. Oakland Athletics
7. Chicago White Sox
8. Minnesota Twins
9. Toronto Blue Jays
10. Seattle Mariners
11. Baltimore Orioles
12. Tampa Bay Devil Rays
13. Texas Rangers
14. Kansas City Royals

This list is mostly unchanged, with the exception of Tampa Bay and Texas going down a number of spots, and Chicago improving.

MLB Preview 2007 – Team Fielding

2007-01-26T11:04:00.000-05:00

In the last post, I looked at team fielding in the AL West by doing a position-by-position breakdown of each team and developing a consensus ranking for each player. I have modified the process slightly for this post. First, while I am still creating consensus defensive rankings, I am using a straight formula now. The formula is as follows:

50% Chone Smith’s Zone Rating
20% Last Year’s Zone Rating
20% PECOTA Defensive Projection
10% Tangotiger’s Fan Report

Each player is given a consensus defensive ranking in terms of runs above or below average for his position. These rankings are then aggregated as in the last post to give a team defensive ranking. Each team defensive ranking is expressed in terms of runs per 150 games

You’re the Best….Around! These teams make the Karate Kid proud
Detroit Tigers: +34
St. Louis Cardinals: +34
Minnesota Twins: +29
Oakland Athletics: +21

These four teams outpace the rest of the league by a large margin (though, given the 9 run difference between the top 3 and Oakland, it’s debatable whether Oakland really deserves to be in the conversation). Continuing my opinion that fielding matters way more than most people think, notice that all four of these teams made the playoffs last year, and that the top two both made it to a little tournament known as the World Series. Getting a top fielding ranking basically requires average or better at every position. The only projected starter on any of these teams with significantly below-average fielding ability is Gary Sheffield.

Solid
Arizona Diamondbacks: +13
Pittsburgh Pirates: +11
Chicago White Sox: +9
Washington Nationals: +7
San Francisco Giants: +6
Baltimore Orioles: +6
San Diego Padres: +5

A few comments: I really like what Arizona is putting together. Last year they were about average defensively, but with all the young talent coming up, they should be very good to excellent. Young fielders often have a difficult transition to majors, however, so we’ll see if the D-backs can actually capitalize on their projection. I was somewhat surprised by the high ranking of the Giants (driven largely by Omar Vizquel and Pedro Feliz????) and the low ranking of the White Sox (who are hurt by Konerko and Pierzkkaaannsjha whatever). The Padres have got some good stuff shaping up. They are slightly above average both batting and fielding, and the combo makes them one of the top NL lineups.

Average
Seattle Mariners: +2
Toronto Blue Jays: +2
Philadelphia Phillies: +1
Anaheim Angels: +1
Colorado Rockies: -1
Cincinnati Reds: -2
Houston Astros: -2
Kansas City Royals: -3
New York Mets: -3
Texas Rangers: -5

These teams will be neither helped nor hurt by their defenses. Cincinnati’s ranking assumes that the reported Griffey to right field goes through. If he remains in center, go ahead and put them in the negative category. Mad props to the Royals for improving all the way to average after being one of the worst fielding teams in the league for the last few years.

Softball League
Los Angeles Dodgers: -6
Tampa Bay Devil Rays: -6
Cleveland Indians: -6
New York Yankees: -8
Atlanta Braves: -9
Boston Red Sox: -9
Milwaukee Brewers: -10
Chicago Cubs: -14
Florida Marlins: -19

Although I’ve ranked all these teams in one group, they really go from meh (the Dodgers and Braves), to really atrocious (Marlins and Cubs). The Cubs are a trendy pick to win the NL Central this year after spending $300 million this offseason, but I think their team fielding is going to be a huge Achilles’ heel. The Red Sox are an interesting situation in that they are projected to be well above average in the infield, and absolutely terrible in the outfield. The big question is whether Coco Crisp is an average defender in CF. If he is, the Red Sox will sniff average. Like the Cubs, the Brewers are picking up some buzz as a potential NL Central contender, but based on fielding, I just don’t see it. You’ve got to have a really strong offense to overcome such a bad defense, and the Brewers offense is in no way strong. Thumbs down for a Brewers break-out.

Final Note:
You may have noticed that the numbers above don’t sum to zero. I think teams in general have a Plan A lineup that includes good defenders. All good plans eventually go awry which means that some of these players will underperform and others will get injured and be replaced by less talented fielders.

MLB Preview – AL West Team Fielding

2007-01-19T15:08:00.000-05:00

Continuing with the aggregated projections, today we’ll look at the fielding ability of each team’s starting eight. Player fielding prediction, despite recent advancements, is still more an art than science. For some current attempts at quantifying defense, see:

The Fans Scouting Report
Zone Rating converted to a run value
John Dewan’s Fielding Bible
Baseball Prospectus Fielding Runs Above Average (FRAA)

By looking at combinations of these metrics, some research of my own, and a dollop of scouting opinion/insight, we should be able to discern the level of defensive performance of teams around the league. Team fielding will be measured as a number of runs above or below average, with positive numbers indicative of better team fielding. To give you an intuitive feel for the numbers, an individual who is 5 runs above average per year is good defensively (say 1 standard deviation above average), and 10 runs represents excellence (2 SDs, or about 2.5% of the MLB population). At a team level, 1 SD is more like 12-15 runs, and it is rare to see extremes beyond +/-30 runs unless driven by an extreme catcher rating (see more on catchers below).

PECOTA
As a first pass, PECOTA projects a FRAA value for every player at his primary position. By aggregating the statistics as in the earlier hitting projections (and assigning a -5 run per year rating to any player not playing their primary position), the projected AL defenses are:

PECOTA Projections
Anaheim Angels: 15 RPY
Oakland Athletics: 7 RPY
Texas Rangers: 4 RPY
Seattle Mariners: -3 RPY

The benefit of using the PECOTA projections is that they are just sitting here. The downside is that FRAA is not based on play-by-play data, instead trying to infer defensive ability from putouts, etc. The results are sometimes a little screwy. It also seems to me that PECOTA projections for catchers are especially wacky, since a catcher’s measurable defensive contribution is largely in controlling the running game. If I remove the catcher’s contribution from above, I get:

PECOTA Projections, No Catchers
Anaheim Angels: 6 RPY
Oakland Athletics: 5 RPY
Texas Rangers: -5 RPY
Seattle Mariners: -5 RPY

As you can see, removing the catcher changes the rankings considerably. PECOTA projects Mike Napoli as +8 RPY defensively, which would put him solidly in the upper quartile of catchers. It seems to me that PECOTA is relying too much on translated minor league statistics to make the projection. Based on his good (but limited) MLB fielding performance thus far, I would say he is more like +2 runs (with a big uncertainty).

POSITION BY POSITION
The next iteration is to incorporate some other information. We’ll use three sources: Chone Smith’s Zone Rating Projections, my own catcher projections based solely on expected CS%, and Tangotiger’s Fan Scouting Report.

Anaheim:

Player	Pos	ZRruns	Fan Score
Casey Kotchman	1B	2	58
Howie Kendrick	2B	N/A	52 (at 1B)
Orlando Cabrera	SS	0	67
Chone Figgins	3B	-2	56
Juan Rivera	LF	0	60
Garrett Anderson	LF	-3	39
Gary Matthews Jr.	CF	-1	79
Vladimir Guerrero	RF	-3	46
Mike Napoli	C	1	49

Looking at the rankings above and combining them with the PECOTA projections shows that there is really only disagreement on Howie Kendrick and Gary Matthews Jr. In the case of Matthews, PECOTA and Zone Rating agree that he is a slightly below average defender in CF. Additionally, the Fan Score prior to this year was significantly less positive than in 2006, leading me to believe that the fan score is being artificially raised by the amazing over-the-wall grab made in 2006. Howie Kendrick is difficult to decipher. His FRAA over the past years is excellent, leading PECOTA to project +14 runs per year. However, his Zone Rating at first base last year was quite average, and he was not considered a top defensive prospect in the minors. Combine that with the low fan score this year, and I am inclined to rate Kendrick fairly low, say +2. Incorporating all publicly available info, the consensus would be something like:

Angels Consensus Rankings

Player	Pos	Runs
Casey Kotchman	1B	3
Howie Kendrick	2B	0
Orlando Cabrera	SS	0
Chone Figgins	3B	-2
Juan Rivera	LF	0
Gary Matthews Jr.	CF	-1
Vladimir Guerrero	RF	-3
Mike Napoli	C	2
TOTAL		-1

Oakland:

Player	Pos	ZRruns	Fan Score
Nick Swisher	1B	-2	56 (as LF)
Mark Ellis	2B	11	74
Bobby Crosby	SS	9	69
Eric Chavez	3B	7	85
Bobby Kielty	LF	2	39
Mark Kotsay	CF	-6	82
Milton Bradley	RF	4	69
Jason Kendall	C	-2	58

There are big discrepancies with Mark Ellis, Bobby Crosby and Mark Kotsay. Ellis seems to be an error with PECOTA, as stats, scouts, fans, and even FRAA prior to this year agree that Ellis is quite good defensively. PECOTA may be seeing a decline in performance at age 30. Splitting the difference between PECOTA (+3) and Zone Rating seems reasonable. Bobby Crosby’s PECOTA (-3) seems to be out of line with his previous performance and perception as a plus defender, but his weighted ZR is giving too much credit for 2004 and 2005 when he was legitimately excellent. Once again, a midrange guess seems reasonable. The numbers all agree on Kotsay, who may be getting by on reputation (or perhaps there is a trend and CFs all get rated highly in the Fan Report). The consensus:

A's Consensus Rankings

Player	Pos	Runs
Nick Swisher	1B	0
Mark Ellis	2B	6
Bobby Crosby	SS	4
Eric Chavez	3B	7
Bobby Kielty	LF	0
Mark Kotsay	CF	-4
Milton Bradley	RF	3
Jason Kendall	C	0
TOTAL		+16

Texas:

Player	Pos	ZRruns	Fan Score
Mark Teixeira	1B	3	75
Ian Kinsler	2B	-3	60
Michael Young	SS	-3	66
Hank Blalock	3B	-4	61
Brad Wilkerson	LF	2	36
Kenny Lofton	CF	-3	30
Frank Catalanotto	RF	-6	42
Gerald Laird	C	6	68

Reasonable agreement across the board. The final configuration of the Rangers outfield is still undecided. Catalanotto may be used largely at DH, leaving the RF duties to Nelson Cruz (good defensively), or Sammy Sosa (not so much). The consensus:

Ranger's Consensus Rankings

Player	Pos	Runs
Mark Teixeira	1B	5
Ian Kinsler	2B	-3
Michael Young	SS	-1
Hank Blalock	3B	-1
Brad Wilkerson	LF	0
Kenny Lofton	CF	-3
Frank Catalanotto	RF	-4
Gerald Laird	C	8
TOTAL		+1

Seattle:

Player	Pos	ZRruns	Fan Score
Richie Sexson	1B	-6	37
Jose Lopez	2B	2	56
Yuniesky Betancourt	SS	-7	82
Adrian Beltre	3B	10	78
Raul Ibanez	LF	2	36
Ichiro Suzuki	CF	-8	91 (as RF)
Jose Guillen	RF	3	N/A
Kenji Johjima	C	2	49

Lots of areas of discrepancy here. PECOTA grades Sexson as positive defensively, but this doesn’t match with fan perception or the PBP data. The consensus is Sexson = BAD. Jose Lopez, by contrast, grades out badly by PECOTA. Last year’s Zone Rating and Fan Report say average-ish. PECOTA strikes out again. Betancourt is somewhat of an enigma: the fans love his defense, the PBP metrics hate it, and PECOTA says average. Mike Emeigh at Baseball Think Factory has suggested that young defenders often have a difficult first year when transitioning to the majors, but subsequently recover. Betancourt was very well regarded in the minors, and the numbers support that. I would hedge the bets and say Betancourt will be average next year, but his upside is extremely good. Finally we consider Ichiro! The numbers say he has been lackluster in RF the past few years, and thus predict a very bad performance when moving to the more demanding role of CF. However, the scouting reports on Ichiro are universally positive, and I have seen comments saying that his positioning in RF is unique, leading to strange numbers. This is one instance in which I would ignore the numbers. Ichiro will be an average CF, and may end up above average. The consensus:

Mariner's Consensus Rankings

Player	Pos	Runs
Richie Sexson	1B	-5
Jose Lopez	2B	0
Yuniesky Betancourt	SS	0
Adrian Beltre	3B	8
Raul Ibanez	LF	-1
Ichiro Suzuki	CF	0
Jose Guillen	RF	1
Kenji Johjima	C	0
TOTAL		+3(with TUP)

The final scorecard, then is one good fielding team (Oakland), 2 average teams (Seattle and Anaheim), and one bad fielding team with a good catcher (Texas).

MLB 2007 Preview - NL Lineups

2007-01-18T08:16:00.000-05:00

Same rules as yesterday, this time for the NL...

The Run Per Game projections given below are only for the starting 9. I do not consider the effect of bench (this will be considered in later posts)
Ignoring platoon situations. If there is an expected platoon situation (e.g. Cleveland LF will likely be split between Jason Michaels and David Dellucci), I used the player likely to contribute the most at-bats
Projected player BA/OBP/SLG are projected from the PECOTA projection system.
We use the PECOTA projections for EqBA/EqOBP/EqSLG to remove the effect of park when comparing teams
The NL pitcher is projected to hit 0.200/0.200/0.200 (BA/OBP/SLG), which is around the average for the position over the past few years
Team BA/OBP/SLG are estimated as a weighted average of the BA/OBP/SLG of each lineup slot, weighted by the percentage of plate appearances that lineup slot typically gets.
Team RPG are estimated from a linear regression formula RPG = -6.09+1.36*BA+18.89*OBP+9.75*SLG+5.96E-05*SBA where SBA is stolen base attempts. So, there's no fancy Monte Carlo engine here, just a plain vanilla estimate of the strength of each team's current offensive performance.
Projected Lineups are estimated as of 1/16/07.

Onto the results...

Cream of the Crop
New York Mets: 5.23 RPG (848 Runs)

The Mets are the toast of the NL offensively, and they can certainly be considered on par with the Big 3 of the AL. Replacing the pitcher in our projection (0.200/0.200/0.200 BA/OBP/SLG) line with a replacement level DH (0.250/0.300/0.400), we increase the RPG estimate by 0.42 runs, bringing the Mets to 5.67 RPG. The Mets are strong up the middle, with superstar level production from Carlos Beltran and Jose Reyes. The thing that catapults the Mets to the elite, however, is a third superstar-level producer at 3B in David Wright. In fact, Wright is projected to have the 3rd highest VORP in baseball next year (behind Albert Pujols and Miguel Cabrera). New York also has top prospect Lastings Milledge available, and he just happens to play the same position (RF) as the offense’s only weak link: Shawn Green. Replacing Green with Milledge increases New York’s scoring estimate to 5.30 RPG. Milledge will also be available to DH in interleague play, likely giving the Mets the strongest DH of any of the NL teams.

Second Tier
Atlanta Braves: 5.10 RPG (826 Runs)
San Diego Padres: 5.04 RPG (817 Runs)
Philadelphia Phillies: 5.03 RPG (815 Runs)
St. Louis Cardinals: 5.01 RPG (812 Runs)
Florida Marlins: 5.00 RPG (811 Runs)

The NL’s second grouping clearly separates themselves from the Mets above, and the mediocre below. The Braves come out on top of the second tier thanks to strong expected production up the middle (Brian McCann is second only to Joe Mauer for hitting catchers, Edgar Renteria, and Andruw Jones), complemented with good to excellent production from Adam LaRoche, Jeff Francouer, and Chipper Jones. Like the Mets, the Braves also have some upside potential with strong hitting Kelly Johnson perhaps taking over at 2B, and top catching prospect Jarrod Saltalamacchia forcing his way into the lineup. By contrast, the remaining teams seem to me to all have tremendous downside potential (or TDP in the phraseology of Bill Simmons). Little in the way of depth will hurt all of these teams if time is lost due to injury. San Diego and its balanced attack are probably best suited to deal with the loss of a starting player. The Cardinals continue to live and die on the production of Pujols, Rolen, and Edmonds, while the Marlins are relying heavily on Miguel Cabrera to carry the load.

Meh
San Francisco Giants: 4.89 RPG (793 Runs)
Chicago Cubs: 4.88 RPG (790 Runs)
Arizona Diamondbacks: 4.82 RPG (780 Runs)
Milwaukee Brewers: 4.77 RPG (772 Runs)
Colorado Rockies: 4.72 RPG (765 Runs)
Cincinnati Reds: 4.69 RPG (761 Runs)
Houston Astros: 4.68 RPG (758 Runs)

What to say about these teams? Give them an extra 0.5 runs to account for the DH difference, and most of the teams slot in with the rest of the mediocre AL offenses. A couple of notes: San Fran’s projection is based on the return and continued performance of Barry Bonds. Replace him with Todd Linden (his current back-up), and that projection drops to 4.62 RPG. From the rest of this group, I think the strength of D. Lee, Aramis Ramirez, and Soriano may provide an uptick in performance to the rest of the Chicago Cubs, and I think the Diamondbacks are poised to be a sleeper. The D-Backs have a lot of young talent coming up from the minors (and unlike Tampa Bay, a longer track-record of success), but currently lack an established superstar. The Brewers and Reds both have depth around the diamond, although both teams have had injury problems with starters in the past. The Astros could substantially improve their numbers by dumping Biggio or Ausmus, moving Chris Burke back to his natural position at 2B, and promoting Hunter Pence. In essence, come the All-Star break, I may end up wishing I had switched the Second Tier and Meh lists.

Dingleberries
Los Angeles Dodgers: 4.59 RPG (743 Runs)
Washington Nationals: 4.55 RPG (738 Runs)
Pittsburgh Pirates: 4.51 RPG (731 Runs)

Calling these teams bad is a little unfair, as after adjusting for the DH effect they are projected to score as frequently as many of the AL offenses. The Dodgers have the best chance of beating their projection, as they have three prospects that PECOTA pegs as superior to the current starters – Matt Kemp in the OF, Andy LaRoche at 3B, and James Loney at 1B. I am somewhat surprised by the Nationals low ranking, given the abilities of Ryan Zimmerman, Nick Johnson, and Austin Kearns. However, the “strong-up-the-middle” meme continues to be quite useful. The grouping of Brian Schneider, Felipe Lopez, Christian Guzman, and Nook Logan contains maybe one league average player. Maybe. The Pirates up the middle: Ronny Paulino (not bad actually!), Jose Castillo (second worst everyday player in the MLB), Jack Wilson (like scrappy David Eckstein without the talent), and Chris Duffy (meh).

It appears at first glance that the overall quality of offensive talent may be superior in the NL this year; however, given the well-documented superiority of the AL, this quality differential may be an illusion. I’ll study this in a future post.

NOTE: Late word that the Braves have traded Adam LaRoche to the Pirates for Mike Gonzalez and minor-league SS Brent Lillibridge. Adam LaRoche’s replacement at this point is likely to be Scott Thorman, a sizable downgrade. The Braves projection with Thorman at first is 4.99 RPG, still in the Second Tier, but now on the low side. The Braves may go with Kelly Johnson at 1B and Lillibridge himself at 2B, and PECOTA is totally crushing on both those dudes. Throw that configuration in and you get a 5.14 RPG estimate. I’m skeptical. For the Pirates, the addition of LaRoche raises their projection to 4.59 RPG…or only 2nd worst in the NL.

MLB 2007 Preview - AL Lineups

2007-01-17T14:34:00.000-05:00

First post here at "Solvent is so Yesterday" and...no, it is not about implicit solvent in any way. Instead, I'll be starting my 2007 Major League Baseball Preview with a look at the AL Starting Lineups as presently constructed. The rankings provided below are subject to the following conditions:

The Run Per Game projections given below are only for the starting 9. I do not consider the effect of bench (this will be considered in later posts)
Ignoring platoon situations. If there is an expected platoon situation (e.g. Cleveland LF will likely be split between Jason Michaels and David Dellucci), I used the player likely to contribute the most at-bats
Projected player BA/OBP/SLG are projected from the PECOTA projection system.
We use the PECOTA projections for EqBA/EqOBP/EqSLG to remove the effect of park when comparing teams
The NL pitcher is projected to hit 0.200/0.200/0.200 (BA/OBP/SLG), which is around the average for the position over the past few years
Team BA/OBP/SLG are estimated as a weighted average of the BA/OBP/SLG of each lineup slot, weighted by the percentage of plate appearances that lineup slot typically gets.
Team RPG are estimated from a linear regression formula RPG = -6.09+1.36*BA+18.89*OBP+9.75*SLG+5.96E-05*SBA where SBA is stolen base attempts. So, there's no fancy Monte Carlo engine here, just a plain vanilla estimate of the strength of each team's current offensive performance.
Projected Lineups are estimated as of 1/16/07.

Onto the results...

The Cream of the Crop - aka "The Big Three"
New York Yankees: 5.98 RPG (969 Runs)
Boston Red Sox: 5.74 RPG (930 Runs)
Cleveland Indians: 5.69 RPG (922 Runs)

The starting lineups for these three teams project as far superior to the rest of the AL. Not coincidentally, all three teams have elected to use the DH position as an offense first position, rather than as a rotating rest day for the position players (the trade-off being that the defenses of the Big 3 are projected to be quite poor). The Big 3 are very unlikely to achieve their lofty projections, as injury is inevitable, and the injury replacements are unlikely to provide a reasonable facsimile of the original production.

By the way, the natural question is: "How does one become a cream of the crop team?". You've got to get superstar-level offensive performance from one player (Giambi, Manny, Ortiz, and Hafner), and combine that with solid production throughout the rest of the lineup. One interesting point, however, is that while the Yankees and Indians have followed the traditional route to offensive dominance of strength up the middle (i.e. strong offensive production from C,2B,SS, and CF), the Red Sox strength comes from LF and DH. Although Varitek, Pedroia, Lugo and Crisp are projected to provide adequate position-adjusted production, they do not drive the Red Sox offense.

I would speculate that the Red Sox are in a better position (offensively) to weather the inevitable injuries of the upcoming year because they are not dependent on their up-the-middle players to drive the offense. Alex Cora is available as a decent replacement for either of the middle infielders, and Wily Mo Pena can get by in center.

Middle of the Pack
Minnesota Twins: 5.25 RPG
Detroit Tigers: 5.22 RPG
Tampa Bay Devil Rays: 5.15 RPG
Texas Rangers: 5.12 RPG
Anaheim Angels: 5.12 RPG
Chicago White Sox: 5.12 RPG
Toronto Blue Jays: 5.10 RPG
Baltimore Orioles: 5.07 RPG
Seattle Mariners: 5.03 RPG
Oakland Athletics: 5.01 RPG

A bit of a misnomer, since all the remaining AL teams save one fall into this group. It appears that, at least amongst the starting position players, there is a fairly level playing field in the AL this year. I'm surprised by the strong showing of the Twins, but I guess I shouldn't be, given their strong up-the-middle personnel (Mauer, Bartlett, Castillo, and Hunter all provide strong production for their position, with Mauer at a superstar level). Amongst the teams listed, I would knock down Tampa Bay (depending on strong performances from a number of rookies) and the Blue Jays (absolutely no depth to speak of). Expect overperformance from the White Sox (because they can so easily upgrade by replacing Podsednik in left) and Anaheim (Howie Kendrick and Casey Kotchman are regarded much more highly than their numerical projections, plus this team always manages to squeeze out a few more runs that predicted).

The Pole Smokers
Kansas City Royals: 4.74 RPG (768 Runs)

Following up on the question I made regarding the Big 3: how can one team project to be so bad? Well, combine awful production from the corners (Emil Brown? Reggie Sanders? Ryan Shealy? Seriously?) with Angel Berroa (the worst everyday player in baseball), and you have the worst offense in the AL (and likely the worst offense in all of MLB). However, there is room for hope in Alex Gordon (baseball's #1 prospect) and Billy Butler (a future DH to be sure, but for the purposes of offense only, he carries a big stick). If the Royals follow the expected plan of calling up Gordon and moving Teahen to LF, they improve the team projection all the way to 4.87 RPG. Additionally, if the Royals are willing to bite the bullet and replace Berroa with someone - maybe Esteban German can fake it at SS? - and that takes you all the way up to 5.04 RPG, or no longer the worst team in the AL.